Thutmose III : The sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who greatly consolidated political power through a series of military conquests. Hatshepsut : The fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who expanded Egyptian trade.
Akhenaten : Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty known for his religious fervor to the god Aten. Tutankhamun : An Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty ruled c. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. Aten : The disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and originally an aspect of Ra. Often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. She ruled longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty. Hatshepsut established trade networks that helped build the wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
Hundreds of construction projects and statuary were commissioned by Hatshepsut, including obelisks and monuments at the Temple of Karnak. The average woman in Egypt was quite liberated for the time, and had a variety of property and other rights. Hatshepsut died in BCE in middle age, possibly of diabetes and bone cancer.
Her mummy was discovered in and identified in Key Terms kohl : A black powder used as eye makeup. Learning Objectives Describe the general landscape of the political chaos during Third Intermediate Period. Egypt was temporarily reunified during the Twenty-second Dynasty, and experienced a period of stability, but shattered into two states after the reign of Osorkon II.
This dynasty collapsed, however, with the rise of local city-states. The Twenty-fourth Dynasty saw the conquest of the Nubians over native Egyptian rulers, and the Nubians ruled through the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, when they expanded Egyptian power to the extent of the New Kingdom and restored many temples. Due to lacking military power, however, the Egyptians were conquered by the Assyrians toward the end of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Although some measure of independence was regained, Egypt faced pressure and eventual defeat at the hands of the Persians.
Assyrians : A major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking people. Assumed significant power along with the pharaoh in the Twenty-First Dynasty. A period of Egyptian decline and political instability. Learning Objectives Explain why Ancient Egypt declined as an economic and political force. During this period, the new capital of Alexandria flourished. During this period, religious and other traditions slowly declined. Key Terms hieroglyphics : A formal writing system used by ancient Egyptians, consisting of pictograms.
Although the rulers of Dynasty 19 established an administrative capital near their home in the Delta, Thebes remained a cultural and religious center. The pharaohs built their mortuary temples here and were buried in huge rock-cut tombs decorated with finely executed paintings or painted reliefs illustrating religious texts concerned with the afterlife. A town was established in western Thebes for the artists who created these tombs.
At this site Deir el-Medina , they left a wealth of information about life in an ancient Egyptian community of artisans and craftsmen. Known especially for monumental architecture and statuary honoring the gods and pharaohs , the New Kingdom, a period of nearly years of political stability and economic prosperity, also produced an abundance of artistic masterpieces created for use by nonroyal individuals.
Roehrig, Catharine H. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Freed, Rita E. Hayes, William C. Cambridge, Mass. Hill, Marsha, Deborah Schorsch, eds. The nation was, for the most part, polytheistic until Pharaoh Akhenaten's reign. Kingship was essentially a male activity in Ancient Egypt but Queens always had an important role to play.
Extreme prosperity and a renaissance in art and build ling projects mark the beginning of the New Kingdom. The King of the New Kingdom filled a position of much importance in Ancient Egypt, both culturally and politically.
Pharaohs of this time period went on the offensive, attacking areas outside of Egypt. This period is sometimes called the Ramesside period. For the most important terrestrial figure in ancient Egypt with him, her significance religious Ruled in her own name for a number of years political and a religious statement, Gods and people the King of the Eighteenth Dynasty — b. And 20th dynasties expansion, creating an empire that the pharaohs of the most powerful in Period ca B.
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Around B. A southern king, Scorpion, made the first attempts to conquer the northern kingdom around B. A century later, King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty. King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls later known as Memphis , in the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta.
The capital would grow into a great metropolis that dominated Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period. The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus.
The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period. In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture largely wheat and barley formed the economic base of the Egyptian state.
The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned. The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Egyptian pyramid -building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo.
Built for Khufu or Cheops, in Greek , who ruled from to B. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus estimated that it took , men 20 years to build it. C and Menkaura B. During the third and fourth dynasties, Egypt enjoyed a golden age of peace and prosperity. The pharaohs held absolute power and provided a stable central government; the kingdom faced no serious threats from abroad; and successful military campaigns in foreign countries like Nubia and Libya added to its considerable economic prosperity.
This chaotic situation was intensified by Bedouin invasions and accompanied by famine and disease. From this era of conflict emerged two different kingdoms: A line of 17 rulers dynasties nine and 10 based in Heracleopolis ruled Middle Egypt between Memphis and Thebes, while another family of rulers arose in Thebes to challenge Heracleopolitan power. After the last ruler of the 11th dynasty, Mentuhotep IV, was assassinated, the throne passed to his vizier, or chief minister, who became King Amenemhet I, founder of dynasty A new capital was established at It-towy, south of Memphis, while Thebes remained a great religious center.
The 12th dynasty kings ensured the smooth succession of their line by making each successor co-regent, a custom that began with Amenemhet I. Middle-Kingdom Egypt pursued an aggressive foreign policy, colonizing Nubia with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory and other resources and repelling the Bedouins who had infiltrated Egypt during the First Intermediate Period.
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