Water was always available. The biotery was supervised by a veterinary-physician and up-to-date with regard to Brazilian and International Standards for the humane care and maintenance of research animals. The experimental chamber see Figure 2 measured 0. It was equipped with a touch-sensitive monitor with access to it through a 0. The sessions were controlled by a computer that ran EAM 4.
The sessions were recorded and could be observed in real time from an adjacent room. Figure 3 shows the stimuli used in the arbitrary matching training and test phases. It consisted of five AB and four BA matching relations.
A delayed arbitrary MTS procedure was used. Trials began with sample presentation. After five touches to the sample, it was removed, initiating a 1-s delay before two or three comparisons were displayed simultaneously. In the initial sessions, one touch to a comparison was required. No feedback was given to the first touch in the correct or incorrect comparisons.
If the selection was correct, then a pellet was delivered, and a 6-s intertrial interval ITI ensued. Incorrect responses were followed only by a 6-s ITI. The sessions had trials, depending on the number of trial types in the session, to balance the number of trials of each trial type. A correction procedure was used during training to promote acquisition and maintain a high density of reinforced trials.
Following an error, the same trial was repeated until a correct selection was made. Such selections were not counted as correct responses. Relation B5A5 was reserved for the symmetry test. Sessions with and without blank-comparison trials were presented in alternation. All were run with programmed reinforcement for correct choices.
No blank comparison or correction procedures were used. After three symmetry test sessions, a mask or a new stimulus was substituted for one of the comparisons in some of the trials to evaluate select and reject controlling relations for the same three pairs of AB and BA relations that had been presented during the symmetry test.
The trials could have two or three comparisons, some with the mask, some without it, and some with a new stimulus. Table 1 shows examples of each trial and the proportions of two vs. In total, there were nine trial types for each relation presented in the symmetry test sessions in Phase 3.
For purposes of illustration, Table 1 presents all of the trial types corresponding to the B5A5 relation. It shows that in trials that tested reject relations, the mask was substituted for comparison A5. In fact, Raul showed perfect performance in the last three baseline sessions without a mask and In three sessions that programmed trials with the mask that substituted for a positive comparison stimulus reject or negative comparison stimulus select , Table 2 shows that few errors occurred, with most occurring in the latter trial types.
Raul continued to select the A5 comparison accurately in relation to the B5 sample when the S - was A1, A2, or the new stimulus, apparently excluding those incorrect comparison stimuli. When the mask was available, however, Raul always chose it rather than relating A5 with B5 i. Had we stopped the experiment after the symmetry test, we would have reported a positive symmetry finding in the capuchin.
Indeed, a positive symmetry finding would appear consistent with the fact that the baseline relations, including those evaluated with the blank comparison procedure, were exhibited with fairly high accuracy, including examples of reversed sample and comparison relations A1B1, A2B2, B1A1, and B2A2. Nevertheless, the findings of the symmetry test with blank comparisons Phase 3 revealed that the symmetry finding was a false positive, in which Raul never related the A5 comparison with the B5 sample unless there was a defined S - stimulus to exclude.
In discrete trials experiments the use of blank comparison was a stimulus control assessment technique that allows verifying for each trial type what were the stimulus relations controlling choices. Use of this and other direct techniques help us understand the variability reported in the literature and why studies that used such techniques may have succeeded where others had failed c.
One would be concerned with the fact that in the test trials with the mask the subject always selected the mask when it was available, regardless of whether the positive comparison stimulus was absent or present. Would it be possible that the mask had some perceptual features that could attract the subject's attention? Notably, prior to the symmetry test, the subject received five identity matching sessions with stimulus set A. The history of the mask as the comparison stimulus was far more extensive than that of A5.
This performance clearly indicates that there was no special control by, or any identifiable perceptual preference for, the mask. Moreover, an interesting parallel was observed with data from humans in similar tasks. Although our monkey showed almost perfect performance in the baseline trials with the mask, indicating the establishment of mixed control i.
These data differ from those presented by Carr et al. Their study indicated that the participants who showed mixed control in baseline relations were those who chose correctly in symmetry tests.
As described by the authors, "[ By contrast, the single individual who had chance-level scores on equivalence tests had similar scores on tests for sample-S - relations" Carr et al. What we know is that the three males from Study 1 of Carr et al.
The same strategy was insufficient to produce positive symmetry in our monkey. With regard to the next steps in the development of this research program, we plan to 1 replicate the procedures reported herein with more monkeys, 2 further expand the rich baselines already established with our subject, Raul, by teaching further arbitrary relations with procedures designed to foster reliable select and reject control, and 3 ascertain whether developing one-to-many ARBMTS e.
Brino, A. Tese de doutorado. Cebus cf. Psychological Record , DOI McIlvane, W. Stimulus control topography coherence theory: foundations and extensions.
Behavior Analyst , 26 , Some current dimensions of Translational Behavior Analysis: from laboratory research to intervention for persons with autism spectrum disorders. Mulick Eds. Abrir menu Brasil. Abrir menu. Brino Rodolfo S. Campos Olavo F. McIlvane About the authors. Keywords: arbitrary matching-to-sample, exclusion, symmetry, Sapajus sp. Alfaro, J. How different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys? Aust, U. Inferential reasoning by exclusion in pigeons, dogs, and humans.
Animal Cognition , 11 , Restricted stimulus control in stimulus control shaping with a capuchin monkey. Campos, R. Temas em Psicologia , 21 1 , Carr, D. Equivalence classes in individuals with minimal verbal repertoires.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 74 , Controlling relations in baseline conditional discriminations as determinants of stimulus equivalence.
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