Viral pneumonia is typically a milder disease and symptoms occur gradually. These pneumonias are often more severe. Symptoms can either develop gradually or come on suddenly and can affect one or many lobes of the lung. When multiple lobes of the lungs are affected, the person typically requires hospitalization. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. Complications such as bacteremia can also occur.
Fungal pneumonia is typically more common in people with a weakened immune system and these infections can be very serious. Pneumonia can also be classified by where it is acquired — within the community or within a hospital or healthcare setting. If you or a loved one has the following symptoms, you should make an appointment with a doctor to be evaluated for possible pneumonia:. You can help to prevent serious or life-threatening pneumonia infection by doing the following:.
Be aware of any worrying symptoms, particularly if you have any risk factors. Avoid smoking cigarettes and be sure to keep your immune system boosted through regular exercise and a healthy diet. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can sometimes lead to severe or life-threatening illness and even death. If left untreated, the infection can rapidly worsen and become life-threatening. Early diagnosis is key and leads to better outcomes. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses.
This is because the decline in vaccination in some communities. A DTaP shot is a combination vaccine that protects against 3 diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. The first 3 shots are given at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. The fourth shot is given between ages 15 and 18 months; the fifth shot is given when a child enters school at ages 4 to 6 years.
At their regular checkups, preteens ages 11 or 12 years should get a dose of Tdap. The Tdap booster contains tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. If an adult did not get a Tdap as a preteen or teen, he or she should get a dose of Tdap instead of the Td booster.
All adults should get a Td booster every 10 years, but it can be given before the year mark. Pregnant women should have the booster late in the second trimester, or in the third trimester of each pregnancy. Always consult your health care provider for advice. Health Home Conditions and Diseases. What are the symptoms of whooping cough? Apparently, the coughing was vigorous enough to herniate her right lung by rupturing an intercostal muscle between two of her lower ribs.
Although you are not going to cough up a lung, you can sustain other injuries from frequent and violent coughing , such as:.
Sustained coughing can result in blood in your lungs which can be coughed up. It typically appears as small amounts of bright red blood or phlegm and saliva streaked with blood. Along with persistent coughing, this could also be the sign of a chest infection. Strong pressure is generated every time you have a coughing fit.
This pressure can strain muscles and cause pain. It follows that prolonged coughing can result in chronic pain. Fine blood vessels, such as those in your nose, eyes, and anus, can burst under the pressure of violent coughing. The tissues of your throat can become inflamed due to a chronic cough.
Sustained coughing can also lead to throat infections that can spread to other areas of your body. Although a rib fracture caused by chronic coughing is more likely in people with lower bone density, it can happen to people with normal bone density. The ribs most likely to crack under the pressure of coughing are the fifth through ninth , and they are most likely to crack on the side. When you cough, your ribs are pushed downward and inward. Pneumonia is an infection of the tiny air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli.
In a person with pneumonia the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and reduces the oxygen intake. Pneumonia is caused by a number of different infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and fungi. Here in this research entry we look at who is suffering from pneumonia and why — and what can we do to reduce the number of people dying from this disease.
Ideally, pneumonia would always be diagnosed by a physician using radiological imaging and determining the infectious agent that caused the disease.
However, because such diagnosis requires a lot of resources, it is in many cases not done. A symptoms-based definition inevitably means that diseases with similar symptoms may be counted as cases of pneumonia. As a consequence the terms pneumonia and lower respiratory infections LRIs are often used interchangeably. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IHME , for example, provides mortality data on LRIs, in which they include pneumonia caused by a range of different pathogens, but they also include bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract infection that mostly affects very young children, in this category.
In the visualization here we see the global number of deaths from pneumonia 3 by age group. The number of children dying from pneumonia has decreased substantially over the past three decades.
In , more than two million children died from pneumonia every year. By , this number had fallen by almost two-thirds. Improvements in the major risk factors such as childhood wasting , air pollution , and poor sanitation , falling global poverty , and a better availability of health technology such as pneumococcal vaccines and antibiotics have all contributed to this decline.
While the death rate for old people fell slightly, the number of deaths of people who are 70 years and older increased. This is because the number of people who reached the age of 70 increased very strongly globally as we show in our entry on the changing global age structure.
The chart shows the annual number of deaths from pneumonia per , people in different age groups. Looking at the age-group of under 5 year olds we see that there has been a 3-fold reduction in child mortality due to pneumonia over the last three decades. The mortality rates among other age groups have remained largely the same.
The highest pneumonia mortality rates in were among people aged 70 and older. In the map we see the death rate from pneumonia expressed as the number of deaths due to pneumonia per year per , individuals. The difference between richer and poorer countries is large: European populations suffer a rate of around 10 deaths per , while poorer countries see rate of more than deaths per , is.
In Southeast-Asia, the population of the Philippines suffer from particularly high pneumonia mortality rates; pneumonia is the second leading cause of death in both underyear-old and older than 70 -year-old populations in this country.
These rates have been age-standardized, which tells us the death rate for each country and each point in time as if the age structure of a population. This therefore allows us to make across comparisons across countries and through time that are not affected by differences in the age-structure between countries and changes of the age-structure over time.
It shows that children are most likely to die from pneumonia across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The deaths in just 5 countries — India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ethiopia — accounted for more than half of all deaths from childhood pneumonia in Pneumonia is not a disease that easily spreads across borders, its transmission is generally restricted to local communities and it can be controlled if basic health measures are available.
The disease is therefore most common in poor places where healthcare infrastructure is lacking and people are least able to afford the treatment. To understand how we can reduce the number of children dying from pneumonia we need to understand both prevention and treatment. In the chart we show the number of child deaths from pneumonia which are attributed to various risk factors.
Without sufficient energy intake the body cannot cope with increased energy demands required to fight off the infection. A literature review of pneumonia in malnourished children by Mohammod Jobayer Chisti and colleagues found that undernourished children are between two and four times more likely to be admitted to hospital due to pneumonia and up to 15 times more likely to die from it. Studies have shown that high indoor air pollution in households can double the chances a child develops pneumonia and makes recovery less successful.
Laura Jones et al.
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