These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp s , principal p , diffuse d , and fundamental f. Atomic number The number of protons in an atom. Electron configuration The arrangements of electrons above the last closed shell noble gas. Melting point The temperature at which the solid—liquid phase change occurs. Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid—gas phase change occurs. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.
Relative atomic mass The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. CAS number The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture.
Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Atomic radius, non-bonded Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. These values were determined using several different methods.
Covalent radius Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Electron affinity The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed.
Electronegativity Pauling scale The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. First ionisation energy The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state.
The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.
An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled.
A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves.
A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.
A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site.
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Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Jump to main content. Periodic Table. Glossary Allotropes Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Discovery date Prehistoric Discovered by - Origin of the name The name is derived from the Old English name 'coper' in turn derived from the Latin 'Cyprium aes', meaning a metal from Cyprus Allotropes.
Glossary Group A vertical column in the periodic table. Fact box. Group 11 Melting point Glossary Image explanation Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements.
Appearance The description of the element in its natural form. Biological role The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Natural abundance Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Uses and properties. Image explanation.
The image is of one of the many alchemical symbols once used to represent the element copper. It is shown against a 17th-century map of Cyprus, from where the element gets its name.
A reddish-gold metal that is easily worked and drawn into wires. Historically, copper was the first metal to be worked by people. The discovery that it could be hardened with a little tin to form the alloy bronze gave the name to the Bronze Age. Traditionally it has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with silver and gold.
However, it is the most common of the three and therefore the least valued. All US coins are now copper alloys, and gun metals also contain copper. Initial thing you should know. What is copper looks like. Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu from Latin : cuprum and atomic number It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange colour. Copper through the age. Copper is man's oldest metal, dating back more than 10, years.
A copper pendant discovered in what is now in northern Iraq. The Egyptians used the ankh symbol to denote copper in their system of hieroglyphs. It also represented eternal life. Copper axes were manufactured by casting in the Balkans in the 4th millennium BC. The ancient Romans extracted copper ores on Cyprus. Type of ancient Egyptian axe, on ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. In this time, where Bronze tools replaced all the other metal, including copper, due to its strength.
And copper was smelted with tin to create bronze. Early Civilization was able to smelt iron with their previous knowledge of smelting copper. What's in a name? From the Latin word cuprum , which means "from the island of Cyprus. Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11, years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7, years ago.
The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper.
Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as other items.
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