Nepal holds firm view that the refugees should be repatriated to their homeland at the earliest with dignity and honor. Primary Menu Skip to content. Bilateral Trade Nepal exports sculptures and statuary, electric transformers, soaps, garments and footwear.
Membership is revised every three years based on the average gross national income GDP plus net income received from overseas ; human assets level of population undernourished, under-five mortality rate, gross secondary enrolment ratio and adult literacy rate ; and economic vulnerability such as population, remoteness, merchandise export concentration, natural disasters, instability of agriculture production, and instability of goods and services exports, among other factors.
Because the development performance of LDCs has been so disappointing, only four have graduated to developing country status in the time since the category was established in None of the countries is in Asia. Progress is so slow that only 16 LDCs are expected to escape from this low development category by Among them, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Laos and Myanmar are expected to do better and achieve broad-based development, diversification and structural economic transformation.
And their foundations are likely to be more robust for continued development. Yemen is considered to be a fuel exporter ; Bangladesh, Bhutan and Cambodia are manufacturing exporters ; Laos and Myanmar are mixed exporters ; and Afghanistan and Nepal are service exporters. In the case of Bhutan, the report has some serious shortcomings.
Everest , is located there. The rugged landscape of Nepal and Bhutan has isolated the two countries throughout their histories. Their mountainous terrain and landlocked location—neither country has access to the sea—made them hard to reach and difficult to conquer and settle. China controlled Bhutan briefly in the 18th century. In the 19th century, Great Britain had influence over both countries because of its control of neighboring India.
But Nepal and Bhutan generally remained independent and isolated. In fact, until the past few decades, foreigners rarely entered either country. For much of their history, Nepal and Bhutan were split into small religious kingdoms or ruling states. Hindu kings ruled in Nepal, while Buddhist priests controlled Bhutan. In time, unified kingdoms emerged in both countries, led by hereditary monarchs who passed the throne on to their heirs.
Today, the governments of both Nepal and Bhutan are constitutional monarchies—kingdoms in which the ruler's powers are limited by a constitution. In Bhutan, the king is still the supreme ruler, while in Nepal the king shares power with an elected parliament. Both governments face difficult political challenges, including the need to balance the interests of their two powerful neighbors, China and India. Both countries also face difficult economic challenges. Decades of isolation and difficult topography have limited economic development in Nepal and Bhutan.
Now each country is trying to find effective ways to promote economic growth. Nepal and Bhutan are poor countries with economies based mainly on agriculture. Because of the mountainous terrain, neither country has much land suitable for cultivation. Most farm plots are small, soils are poor, and erosion is a problem. Farmers create terraces on the mountainsides to increase the amount of farmland and limit soil loss, a process you read about in Chapter 9. Nepal was the only Hindu country until , Nepali is an official language in India, and the open border has resulted in high labour migration from Nepal to India.
The following economic blockade by India in paved the way for the democratic transition in Nepal in This has led to an ambivalent constellation in Nepal. On the one hand, the major Nepali parties have established close links with India. On the other hand, there is a controversial debate both between and within the parties on the role of India in Nepal. Hence, it was not difficult for China to gain more influence in Nepal. In , both sides agreed on the Trans-Himalayan Multi-Dimensional Transport Network that included cross-border connectivity of railway, road, and transmission lines.
China also granted Nepal access to several of its dry and sea ports. China has also intensified its military collaboration with Nepal, which was traditionally an exclusively Indian sphere of influence.
During the stand-off between Indian and Chinese troops in the summer of , Nepal approved a new national map, which redrew its national boundaries to the detriment of India. This underlined the new self-confidence of the government in Kathmandu in dealing with India.
Bhutan and Nepal represent two opposite cases in the ongoing rivalry between India and China in South Asia.
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